故障自然是随机的，而大多数人造系统，尤其是计算机都可以确定地工作。这需要将概率理论与数学逻辑，自动机和切换电路理论联系起来。本文通过量子信息理论提供了这种连接，这是量子物理学遵守概率定律的直观方法。在本文中，我们提供了一种新的方法，用于计算使用基于门的量子计算机开关电路的诊断。该方法是基于将代表叠加错误的量子位放置的想法，并同时诊断出所有的量子，通常是指数级的。我们从经验上将用于诊断的量子算法与基于SAT和模型计数的方法进行比较。对于组合电路的基准，我们在估计故障的真实概率方面建立了不到百分之一的误差。
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我们展示了一个端到端框架，以提高人造系统对不可预见的事件的弹性。该框架基于基于物理的数字双胞胎模型和三个负责实时故障诊断，预后和重新配置的模块。故障诊断模块使用基于模型的诊断算法来检测和分离断层，并在系统中产生干预措施，以消除不确定的诊断解决方案。我们通过使用基于物理学的数字双胞胎的平行化和替代模型来扩展故障诊断算法为所需的实时性能。预后模块跟踪故障进度，并训练在线退化模型，以计算系统组件的剩余使用寿命。此外，我们使用降解模型来评估断层进程对操作要求的影响。重新配置模块使用基于PDDL的计划，并带有语义附件来调整系统控件，从而最大程度地减少了对系统操作的故障影响。我们定义一个弹性度量，并以燃料系统模型的示例来说明该指标如何通过我们的框架改进。
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我们介绍了两个块坐标下降算法，以解决使用普通微分方程（ODE）作为动态约束的优化问题。该算法无需实施直接或伴随的灵敏度分析方法来评估损失功能梯度。它们是由对原始问题重新制作的重新制作，作为与平等约束的等效优化问题。该算法自然遵循旨在根据ODE求解器恢复梯度定位算法的步骤，该算法明确解释了ODE溶液的灵敏度。在我们的第一个提出的算法中，我们避免通过将ODE求解器集成为隐式约束序列来明确求解ODE。在我们的第二个算法中，我们使用ODE求解器重置ODE解决方案，但没有直接使用伴随灵敏度分析方法。这两种算法都接受微型批量实施，并从基于GPU的并行化中显示出显着的效率优势。当应用于学习Cucker-Smale模型的参数时，我们演示了该算法的性能。将算法与基于具有敏感性分析能力的ODE求解器的梯度下降算法进行比较，使用Pytorch和JAX实现，具有各种状态数量的敏感性分析能力。实验结果表明，所提出的算法至少比Pytorch实现快4倍，并且比JAX实现快至少16倍。对于大版本的Cucker-Smale模型，JAX实现的速度比基于灵敏度分析的实现快数千倍。此外，我们的算法在培训和测试数据上都会产生更准确的结果。对于实施实时参数估计（例如诊断算法）的算法，计算效率的这种提高至关重要。
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Retrieval-augmented in-context learning has emerged as a powerful approach for addressing knowledge-intensive tasks using frozen language models (LM) and retrieval models (RM). Existing work has combined these in simple "retrieve-then-read" pipelines in which the RM retrieves passages that are inserted into the LM prompt. To begin to fully realize the potential of frozen LMs and RMs, we propose Demonstrate-Search-Predict (DSP), a framework that relies on passing natural language texts in sophisticated pipelines between an LM and an RM. DSP can express high-level programs that bootstrap pipeline-aware demonstrations, search for relevant passages, and generate grounded predictions, systematically breaking down problems into small transformations that the LM and RM can handle more reliably. We have written novel DSP programs for answering questions in open-domain, multi-hop, and conversational settings, establishing in early evaluations new state-of-the-art in-context learning results and delivering 37-200%, 8-40%, and 80-290% relative gains against vanilla LMs, a standard retrieve-then-read pipeline, and a contemporaneous self-ask pipeline, respectively.
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Neural information retrieval (IR) systems have progressed rapidly in recent years, in large part due to the release of publicly available benchmarking tasks. Unfortunately, some dimensions of this progress are illusory: the majority of the popular IR benchmarks today focus exclusively on downstream task accuracy and thus conceal the costs incurred by systems that trade away efficiency for quality. Latency, hardware cost, and other efficiency considerations are paramount to the deployment of IR systems in user-facing settings. We propose that IR benchmarks structure their evaluation methodology to include not only metrics of accuracy, but also efficiency considerations such as a query latency and the corresponding cost budget for a reproducible hardware setting. For the popular IR benchmarks MS MARCO and XOR-TyDi, we show how the best choice of IR system varies according to how these efficiency considerations are chosen and weighed. We hope that future benchmarks will adopt these guidelines toward more holistic IR evaluation.
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We present MegaBlocks, a system for efficient Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) training on GPUs. Our system is motivated by the limitations of current frameworks, which restrict the dynamic routing in MoE layers to satisfy the constraints of existing software and hardware. These formulations force a tradeoff between model quality and hardware efficiency, as users must choose between dropping tokens from the computation or wasting computation and memory on padding. To address these limitations, we reformulate MoE computation in terms of block-sparse operations and develop new block-sparse GPU kernels that efficiently handle the dynamism present in MoEs. Our approach never drops tokens and maps efficiently to modern hardware, enabling end-to-end training speedups of up to 40% over MoEs trained with the state-of-the-art Tutel library and 2.4x over DNNs trained with the highly-optimized Megatron-LM framework.
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We study a novel and important communication pattern in large-scale model-parallel deep learning (DL), which we call cross-mesh resharding. This pattern emerges when the two paradigms of model parallelism - intra-operator and inter-operator parallelism - are combined to support large models on large clusters. In cross-mesh resharding, a sharded tensor needs to be sent from a source device mesh to a destination device mesh, on which the tensor may be distributed with the same or different layouts. We formalize this as a many-to-many multicast communication problem, and show that existing approaches either are sub-optimal or do not generalize to different network topologies or tensor layouts, which result from different model architectures and parallelism strategies. We then propose two contributions to address cross-mesh resharding: an efficient broadcast-based communication system, and an "overlapping-friendly" pipeline schedule. On microbenchmarks, our overall system outperforms existing ones by up to 10x across various tensor and mesh layouts. On end-to-end training of two large models, GPT-3 and U-Transformer, we improve throughput by 10% and 50%, respectively.
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Cryo Focused Ion-Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy (cryo FIB-SEM) enables three-dimensional and nanoscale imaging of biological specimens via a slice and view mechanism. The FIB-SEM experiments are, however, limited by a slow (typically, several hours) acquisition process and the high electron doses imposed on the beam sensitive specimen can cause damage. In this work, we present a compressive sensing variant of cryo FIB-SEM capable of reducing the operational electron dose and increasing speed. We propose two Targeted Sampling (TS) strategies that leverage the reconstructed image of the previous sample layer as a prior for designing the next subsampling mask. Our image recovery is based on a blind Bayesian dictionary learning approach, i.e., Beta Process Factor Analysis (BPFA). This method is experimentally viable due to our ultra-fast GPU-based implementation of BPFA. Simulations on artificial compressive FIB-SEM measurements validate the success of proposed methods: the operational electron dose can be reduced by up to 20 times. These methods have large implications for the cryo FIB-SEM community, in which the imaging of beam sensitive biological materials without beam damage is crucial.
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Pre-trained Transformers currently dominate most NLP tasks. They impose, however, limits on the maximum input length (512 sub-words in BERT), which are too restrictive in the legal domain. Even sparse-attention models, such as Longformer and BigBird, which increase the maximum input length to 4,096 sub-words, severely truncate texts in three of the six datasets of LexGLUE. Simpler linear classifiers with TF-IDF features can handle texts of any length, require far less resources to train and deploy, but are usually outperformed by pre-trained Transformers. We explore two directions to cope with long legal texts: (i) modifying a Longformer warm-started from LegalBERT to handle even longer texts (up to 8,192 sub-words), and (ii) modifying LegalBERT to use TF-IDF representations. The first approach is the best in terms of performance, surpassing a hierarchical version of LegalBERT, which was the previous state of the art in LexGLUE. The second approach leads to computationally more efficient models at the expense of lower performance, but the resulting models still outperform overall a linear SVM with TF-IDF features in long legal document classification.
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概念诱导是基于正式的逻辑推理在描述逻辑上的，已在本体工程中使用，以从基本数据（ABOX）图创建本体（Tbox）公理。在本文中，我们表明它也可以用来解释数据差异，例如在可解释的AI（XAI）的背景下，我们表明它实际上可以以对人类观察者有意义的方式进行。我们的方法利用了从Wikipedia类别层次结构策划的大型层次结构，作为背景知识。
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